2021 CFA Level I Exam: Learning Outcome Statements ~ MegaNews

Then , mark the following statements true(T) or false (F): 1) The IT Department is increasing. C. What computers the company uses. D. the installation of a server. 2) According to the passage, employees use laptops when they.Consider the following 2D dataset: Which of the following figures correspond to possible values that PCA may return for (the first eigen vector / first principal component)? Which of the following statements are true? Check all that apply.The following year, Appert published L'Art de conserver les substances animales et végétales (or The Art of Preserving Animal and The addition of salt to foods has been used for centuries as a method of food preservation. Depending on the type of food, similar effects may be achieved with sugar.Which of the following statements about regularization are true? Check all that apply.??? Consider a classification problem. Adding regularization may cause your classifier to incorrectly classify some training examples (which it had correctly classified when not using regularization, i.e. when 0λ=0).Some numerical statements are exact: Mary has 3 brothers, and 2 + 2 = 4. However, all measurements have some degree of uncertainty that may come from a variety of sources. The complete statement of a measured value should include an estimate of the level of confidence associated with the value.

Coursera: Machine Learning (Week 8) Quiz - Principal Component...

...of a high salt intake are true, except: a. Hyponatremia is a condition resulting from high salt intake. b. A high sodium intake correlates strongly with high below or less than normal, so after reading carefully the statement that says what are the effects of a HIGH salt intake immediately we can get...As per the first statement, the outliers when included or removed from a data set, the value of the mean will change. As per the 3rd statement, removal of the outlier will make a standard deviation to increase as the mean changes. If the data set distribution is skewed, a majority of the values will fall between...2) A Salt Bridge Allows Cations And Anions To Move Between The Half-cells. 3) Electrons Flow From The Anode To The Cathode In The External Circuit.16. Which of the following statements are true? The larger the sample size, the larger the confidence interval. 12. Validity in interviews is strengthened by the following EXCEPT: Building rapport with interviewees. Multiple questions cover the same theme.

Food processing: The Advantages of Processed Foods

B. As of Java version 1.4, assertion statements are compiled by default. C. With the proper use of runtime arguments, it is possible to instruct the VM to disable assertions for a certain class, and to enable assertions for a certain package, at the same time.Which of the following statements regarding marketing intelligence is true? Which of the following is an example of a free online database that a company could access in order to develop Which of the following is true of ethnographic research? Definition. It provides greater insight into customer...Exercise 2. Make up adjectives from the following nouns and write them in the appropriate column. confidence allergy difference conversation effect dependency exclusion authenticity care period account comfort politics expense acceptance Monica: I wish it were true. But no, it's more prosaic.D) Does the amount of salt in water affect the temperature at which it boils? 5. An experiment that tests only one factor at a time by using a comparison of a control group and an experimental group is?Salt intake of less than 5 grams per day for adults helps to reduce blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke and coronary heart attack. The principal benefit of lowering salt intake is a corresponding reduction in high blood pressure.

Salt, also known as sodium chloride, is about 40% sodium and 60% chloride. It flavors meals and is used as a binder and stabilizer. It is also a meals preservative, as micro organism can't thrive in the presence of a high quantity of salt. The human body calls for a small quantity of sodium to behavior nerve impulses, contract and calm down muscles, and take care of the correct balance of water and minerals. It is estimated that we want about 500 mg of sodium day by day for these essential functions. But too much sodium in the diet may end up in high blood drive, center disease, and stroke. It can also motive calcium losses, some of that could be pulled from bone. Most Americans devour at least 1.Five teaspoons of salt per day, or about 3400 mg of sodium, which incorporates excess of our our bodies need.

Recommended Amounts

The U.S. Dietary Reference Intakes state that there is no longer sufficient evidence to determine a Recommended Dietary Allowance or a poisonous degree for sodium (except for continual disease possibility). Because of this, a Tolerable Upper intake Level (UL) has now not been established; a UL is the maximum daily intake unlikely to cause destructive effects on well being.

Guidelines for Adequate Intakes (AI) of sodium had been established based on the lowest ranges of sodium intake used in randomized controlled trials that didn't show a deficiency however that also allowed for an ok intake of nutritious foods naturally containing sodium. For men and women 14 years of age and older and pregnant girls, the AI is 1,500 milligrams a day.

A Chronic Disease Risk Reduction (CDRR) Intake has additionally been established, according to the proof of get advantages of a lowered sodium intake on the risk of heart problems and high blood power. Reducing sodium intakes below the CDRR is predicted to lower the chance of persistent illness in the common healthy inhabitants. The CDRR lists 2,300 milligrams a day as the maximum amount to consume for persistent illness discount for women and men 14 years of age and older and pregnant ladies. Most other folks in the U.S. eat more sodium than the AI or CDRR tips. [1]

Sodium and Health

In the general public, the kidneys have hassle maintaining with excess sodium in the blood. As sodium accumulates, the frame holds onto water to dilute the sodium. This will increase both the amount of fluid surrounding cells and the quantity of blood in the bloodstream. Increased blood volume way extra work for the middle and extra pressure on blood vessels. Over time, the additional paintings and drive can stiffen blood vessels, resulting in high blood pressure, center attack, and stroke. It can also result in center failure. There is some evidence that too much salt can harm the heart, aorta, and kidneys without expanding blood force, and that it can be bad for bones, too. Learn more about the health risks and illness related to salt and sodium:

Cardiovascular illness

After carrying out a evaluate on sodium research, the Institute of Medicine concluded that reducing sodium intake lowers blood power, however proof of a lowered possibility of cardiovascular sicknesses (CVD) is inconclusive. [2] It is obvious, alternatively, that high blood power is a main purpose of CVD. It accounts for two-thirds of all strokes and part of middle disease. [3] In China, high blood power is the leading purpose of preventable loss of life, responsible for a couple of million deaths a yr. [4]

There could also be a genetic element to salt intake, as people respond differently to decrease sodium intakes. [2] Those who are "salt-sensitive" experience the largest blood force reductions after following a diminished sodium diet. Those who are "salt-resistant" don't enjoy these changes even with vital increases in sodium intake. Studies have found that women more than males, folks older than 50 years, African-Americans, and the ones with a upper starting blood drive respond the biggest to reduced sodium intake. [5,6] However, there is not sufficient proof to make sturdy conclusions about explicit groups who is also salt-resistant; the total proof helps a benefit of restricting sodium intake for everybody, despite the fact that the optimal goal amount is not clear.

Observational and clinical analysis has found that upper sodium intakes are associated with cardiovascular sicknesses and linked deaths. The following are key research:

Intersalt: Researchers measured the amount of sodium excreted over a 24-hour length (a excellent stand-in for salt intake) amongst more than 10,000 adults from 32 international locations. The moderate was just about 4,000 mg of sodium a day. Yet the vary used to be large, from Two hundred mg a day among the Yanomamo other people of Brazil to ten,Three hundred mg in northern Japan. [7] Populations with higher salt intake had upper average blood pressures and larger will increase of blood pressures with age. Four teams of other folks—the four international locations with salt intakes lower than 1,Three hundred mg consistent with day—had low average blood pressures and little or no upward trend of blood drive with age. The authors performed a re-review and update on the Intersalt data. [8] They discovered: 1) a stronger association than their prior learn about with upper sodium intakes and higher blood power, and a couple of) a stronger association with upper sodium intakes and better blood force in center age individuals as when put next with younger adults. TOHP: The two Trials of Hypertension Prevention (TOHP) were carried out from 1987-1995. [9,10] They examined the have an effect on of lifestyle adjustments on blood drive, akin to weight loss, pressure management, dietary supplements, and consuming much less sodium. In every of the studies, small decreases in blood force were seen with sodium discount over 18-36 months. Years after the trials had ended, the researchers surveyed the members and found that: After a mean of 10-15 years, the TOHP members in the sodium-reduction teams have been 25% much less prone to have had a heart assault or stroke, to have wanted a process to open or bypass a cholesterol-clogged coronary artery, or to have died of cardiovascular disease. The higher the ratio of potassium to sodium in a participant's diet, the lower the chances have been of creating cardiovascular bother. This means that a technique that incorporates each expanding potassium and reducing sodium could also be the most effective method to fight high blood power. TOHP Follow-up Study: A continuation of the two earlier TOHP trials in 2000 that regarded specifically at CVD or deaths from CVD. [11] When contributors with sodium intakes not up to 2,300 mg day by day have been in comparison with those that had intakes of 3,600-4,800 mg, there was a 32% decrease chance of growing CVD. There was additionally a continuing decrease in CVD-related occasions (stroke, heart attack) with lowering sodium intakes as low as 1,500 mg daily. DASH: The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) trials, begun in 1994, have been main advances in blood drive research, demonstrating the links between vitamin and blood force. [12,13] In the first find out about, 459 members have been randomly assigned to either 1) a usual American vitamin high in red meat and sugars, and low in fiber, 2) a identical nutrition that used to be richer in vegatables and fruits, or 3) the "DASH diet," which emphasised end result, vegetables and low-fat dairy foods, and limited purple meat, saturated fats, and chocolates. After eight weeks, the fruits and vegetables nutrition and DASH diet diminished systolic (the top number of a blood power reading) and diastolic (the bottom number of a blood force studying) blood pressure, with the DASH vitamin producing a stronger impact. The 2d find out about found that lowering sodium in either the DASH or usual American vitamin had an excellent more potent impact on lowering blood drive. The DASH study contributed much of the clinical foundation for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010, which recommends decreasing day by day sodium to lower than a teaspoon. A meta-analysis of medical trials discovered that a average sodium reduction to about 4,000 mg a day for at least one month led to vital discounts in blood power in folks with both commonplace and high blood pressure. Further analysis showed that blood pressure was reduced in both women and men and white and black races, suggesting a benefit for the overall population. [6] Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) shares chance elements with cardiovascular disease, with high blood drive being a primary risk issue for both. Salt sensitivity is reported to be more prevalent in sufferers with CKD due to a diminished skill to excrete sodium, which may result in greater blood pressure. [14]

Although there may be proof that links high sodium intake with high blood power, there isn't adequate evidence that a low sodium restriction protects against or causes higher results of CKD than a average sodium restriction. One systematic review of sufferers identified with CKD found that high sodium intakes of more than 4,Six hundred mg a day had been associated with progression of CKD, however low sodium intakes less than 2,300 mg a day had no important impact in comparison with moderate sodium intakes of 2,300-4,Six hundred mg a day. [14]

Guidelines normally advise a reasonable relatively than low sodium restriction to prevent the construction and development of CKD. A daily sodium intake of not up to 4,000 mg is advisable for total control of CKD, and no more than 3,000 mg daily for CKD with signs of fluid retention or proteinuria, a situation in which excess protein is excreted in the urine. [15]

Osteoporosis

The amount of calcium that your frame loses via urination will increase with the quantity of salt you consume. If calcium is in brief provide in the blood, it may leach out of bones. So a nutrition high in sodium may have an extra unwanted impact—the bone-thinning illness known as osteoporosis. [3] A learn about in post-menopausal women showed that the loss of hip bone density over two years was associated with the 24-hour urinary sodium excretion at the start of the study, and that the connection with bone loss used to be as robust as that for calcium intake. [16] Other research have shown that reducing salt intake reasons a positive calcium steadiness, suggesting that reducing salt intake may just slow the loss of calcium from bone that occurs with ageing.

Cancer

Research displays that a higher intake of salt, sodium, or salty meals is related to an build up in abdomen cancer. The World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research concluded that salt, as well as salted and salty meals, are a "possible reason of stomach cancer." [17]

Food Sources

Sodium isn't typically a nutrient that you wish to have to look for; it finds you. Almost any unprocessed food like end result, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, meats, and dairy foods is low in sodium. Most of the salt in our diets comes from commercially ready foods, not from salt added to cooking at house and even from salt added at the desk prior to consuming. [1,18]

According to The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the best 10 resources of sodium in our diets come with: breads/rolls; pizza; sandwiches; cold cuts/cured meats; soups; burritos, tacos; savory snacks (chips, popcorn, pretzels, crackers); hen; cheese; eggs, omelets.

Are "natural" salts more healthy than desk salt?Salt is harvested from salt mines or by way of evaporating ocean water. All sorts of salt are made of sodium chloride, and the nutrient content material varies minimally. Although much less processed salts include small quantities of minerals, the amount is not enough to offer considerable nutritional get advantages. Different salts are chosen basically for flavor.

The most widely used, desk salt, is extracted from underground salt deposits. It is closely processed to take away impurities, which may additionally take away trace minerals. It is then flooring very positive. Iodine, a trace mineral, was once added to salt in 1924 to prevent goiter and hypothyroidism, clinical prerequisites brought about by means of iodine deficiency. Table salt additionally steadily contains an anticaking agent comparable to calcium silicate to prevent clumps from forming.

Kosher salt is a coarsely grained salt named for its use in conventional Kosher food preparation. Kosher salt does now not in most cases contain iodine however could have an anti-caking agent.

Sea salt is produced by evaporating ocean or sea water. It is also composed mostly of sodium chloride, but every so often comprises small amounts of minerals like potassium, zinc, and iron depending on the place it was harvested. Because it is not extremely subtle and flooring like desk salt, it will seem coarser and darker with an uneven colour, indicating the ultimate impurities and vitamins. Unfortunately, some of these impurities can contain metals found in the ocean, like lead. The coarseness and granule size will range via emblem.

Himalayan crimson salt is harvested from mines in Pakistan. Its red hue comes from small quantities of iron oxide. Similar to sea salt, it is less processed and delicate and therefore the crystals appear larger and comprise small amounts of minerals including iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium.

Larger, coarser salt granules do not dissolve as easily or calmly in cooking, but offer a burst of flavor. They are best possible used sprinkled onto meats and vegetables before cooking or right away after. They will have to now not be utilized in baking recipes. Keep in thoughts that measurements of other salts are no longer at all times interchangeable in recipes. Generally, sea salt and table salt will also be interchanged if the granule measurement is the same. However, table salt tends to have more concentrated, saltier taste than kosher salt, so the substitution is one teaspoon of desk salt for about 1.Five to two teaspoons of kosher salt relying on the emblem.

Signs of Deficiency and Toxicity Deficiency

A deficiency of sodium in the U.S. is uncommon because it is so frequently added to a wide range of meals and occurs naturally in some meals. Hyponatremia is the time period used to describe abnormally low amounts of sodium in the blood. This happens principally in older adults, in particular the ones living in long-term care amenities or hospitals who take medications or have health prerequisites that deplete the body of sodium, leading to hyponatremia. Excess vomiting, diarrhea, and sweating can also purpose hyponatremia if salt is misplaced in those fluids that are expelled from the frame. Sometimes too much fluid abnormally amassing in the frame may end up in hyponatremia, which would possibly stem from illnesses akin to heart failure or liver cirrhosis. In uncommon instances, merely drinking an excessive amount of fluid may end up in hyponatremia if the kidneys can't excrete the excess water. Symptoms of hyponatremia can include: nausea, vomiting, headaches, altered mental state/confusion, lethargy, seizures, coma.

Toxicity

Too much sodium in the blood is called hypernatremia. This acute condition can occur in older adults who are mentally and physically impaired who do not consume or drink enough, or who are in poor health with a high fever, vomiting, or infection that reasons severe dehydration. Excessive sweating or diuretic medications that burn up the frame of water are different reasons. When sodium accumulates in the blood, water is transferred out of cells and into the blood to dilute it. This fluid shift and a build-up of fluid in the brain can cause seizures, coma, or even death. Extra fluid collecting in the lungs can cause problem respiring. Other signs of hypernatremia can include: nausea, vomiting, weak spot, loss of appetite, intense thirst, confusion, kidney harm.

The interplay of sodium and potassiumSodium and potassium are closely interconnected but have reverse effects in the frame. Both are essential vitamins that play key roles in maintaining physiological steadiness, and both were linked to the risk of power diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. High salt intake increases blood power, which may end up in middle disease, while high potassium intake can lend a hand calm down blood vessels and excrete sodium whilst decreasing blood drive. Our bodies need way more potassium than sodium on a daily basis, however the typical U.S. nutrition is simply the opposite: Americans reasonable about 3,300 milligrams of sodium in line with day, about 75% of which comes from processed foods, while best getting about 2,900 milligrams of potassium each day. [19,20]

A find out about in the Archives of Internal Medicine discovered that:

People who ate high-sodium, low-potassium diets had a upper possibility of loss of life from a center attack or any cause. In this study, people with the highest sodium intakes had a 20% higher risk of demise from any cause than other people with the lowest sodium intakes. People with the best potassium intakes had a 20% decrease risk of dying than other folks with the lowest intakes. But what could also be much more important for well being is the courting of sodium to potassium in the vitamin. People with the absolute best ratio of sodium to potassium of their diets had double the chance of loss of life of a heart assault than other folks with the lowest ratio, and so they had a 50% upper possibility of death from any purpose. [21] People could make a key dietary exchange to help decrease their risk: Eat more fresh vegetables and culmination, which are naturally high in potassium and coffee in sodium, however consume less bread, cheese, processed meat, and different processed meals that are high in sodium and occasional in potassium. Related ReferencesDietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2019 Mar. Stallings VA, Harrison M, Oria M. Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium; Food and Nutrition Board; Health and Medicine Division; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. He FJ, MacGregor GA. A complete overview on salt and well being and current experience of worldwide salt reduction programmes. Journal of human hypertension. 2009 Jun;23(6):363. He J, Gu D, Chen J, Wu X, Kelly TN, Huang JF, Chen JC, Chen CS, Bazzano LA, Reynolds K, Whelton PK. Premature deaths resulting from blood force in China: a prospective cohort find out about. The Lancet. 2009 Nov 21;374(9703):1765-72. Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, Hooper L, Elliott P, Cappuccio FP, Meerpohl JJ. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: systematic overview and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2013 Apr 4;346:f1326. He FJ, Li J, MacGregor GA. Effect of long run modest salt discount on blood pressure: Cochrane systematic assessment and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2013 Apr 4;346:f1325. Intersalt Cooperation Research Group. Intersalt Cooperation Research Group Intersalt: a global learn about of electrolyte excretion and blood drive. Results for 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium. BMJ. 1988;297:319-28. Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer AR, Stamler R, Kesteloot H, Marmot M. Intersalt revisited: additional analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood force inside and throughout populations. BMJ. 1996 May 18;312(7041):1249-53. Cook NR, Cutler JA, Obarzanek E, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Long time period effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease results: observational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ. 2007 Apr 26;334(7599):885. Cook NR, Obarzanek E, Cutler JA, Buring JE, Rexrode KM, Kumanyika SK, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease: the Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up find out about. Archives of internal drugs. 2009 Jan 12;169(1):32-40. Cook NR, Appel LJ, Whelton PK. Lower ranges of sodium intake and lowered cardiovascular possibility. Circulation. 2014 Mar 4;129(9):981-9. *Disclosures: Dr. Appel is an investigator on a grant from the McCormick Foundation. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH. A scientific trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood force. New England Journal of Medicine. 1997 Apr 17;336(16):1117-24. Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D, Obarzanek E, Conlin PR, Miller ER, Simons-Morton DG, Karanja N. Effects on blood pressure of lowered dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) nutrition. New England Journal of Medicine. 2001 Jan 4;344(1):3-10. Smyth A, O'donnell MJ, Yusuf S, Clase CM, Teo KK, Canavan M, Reddan DN, Mann JF. Sodium intake and renal results: a systematic assessment. American magazine of high blood pressure. 2014 Oct 1;27(10):1277-84. Kalantar-Zadeh Okay, Fouque D. Nutritional control of chronic kidney disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017 Nov 2;377(18):1765-76. Devine A, Criddle RA, Dick IM, Kerr DA, Prince RL. A longitudinal study of the effect of sodium and calcium intakes on regional bone density in postmenopausal ladies. The American journal of scientific nutrition. 1995 Oct 1;62(4):740-5. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. London; 2007. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sodium and Food Sources. https://www.cdc.gov/salt/food.htm Accessed 3/18/2019 Brown IJ, Tzoulaki I, Candeias V, Elliott P. Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health. International magazine of epidemiology. 2009 Apr 7;38(3):791-813. Dietary Guidelines for Americans Scientific Advisory Committee. Report of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010, to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. 2010. Yang Q, Liu T, Kuklina EV, Flanders WD, Hong Y, Gillespie C, Chang MH, Gwinn M, Dowling N, Khoury MJ, Hu FB. Sodium and potassium intake and mortality among US adults: potential information from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Archives of inner medicine. 2011 Jul 11;171(13):1183-91. Terms of Use

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